Patient-centred care is a fundamental issue Essay

There are many issues associated with the transition from graduate registered nurse into practicing registered nurse. Recent studies have found the phase to be a stressful period for many graduates the main challenges were fitting into social groups, delegation, hostility and patient-centred care (Rush et al, 2013); (Feng & Tsai 2012). However, research has shown that with appropriate education, guidance and support the transition can create better staff and patient satisfaction, resulting in lower turnover rates (Orsini, 2005). This research highlights the need to develop appropriate pathways and evidence-based management for new graduate nurses. This essay will endeavour to outline the evidence-based practice for the management of patient-centred care and hostility in the workforce, in conjunction with the transitioning to registered nurse phase. It will be centralised around class discussion forums and how they impacted personally (Appendix 2A, 2B, 2C) in order to applicably manag e future situations. Patient-centred care is a fundamental issue which was discussed at great length during one of the forums (Appendix 2A). It seemed most students had their own opinion already formed about patient-centred care and in turn their own experiences. It was a topic which I felt needed further understanding due to a lack of consistency with student viewpoints and due to it being an ill managed issue within healthcare services. A recent study examining the barriers to overcome patient-centred care found that 64% of nurses were aware of deficits in standards of care, but felt they did not have enough time to perform vital nursing tasks such as addressing patient’s concerns and providing relevant information to both the patient and their family (West, Barron, & Reeves, 2005). Furthermore, nurses reported that a lack of staff, space and equipment were also to blame (West, Barron, & Reeves, 2005). Kvale & Bondevik, (2008) state that patient-centred care is a term which is globally used yet it is difficult to define, resulting in challenges in implementing appropriate interventions. This may be a result of patients differing satisfactions and expectations such as personal beliefs, ideas and opinions which are individual (Okougha, 2013). Research suggests that graduate registered nurses require guidance and education in order to gain confidence and empowerment (Glynn & Silva, 2013). A recent study found that when education was provided to nurses in relation to current patient-centred care and how to improve it, 90% of nurses positively changed their behaviour to increase patient satisfaction (Okougha, 2013). As a graduate registered nurse I need to have a profound and comprehensive understanding about patient-centred care and how to implement it in order to provide safe and effective management to all my patients. According to Cronin, (2004) patient-centred care is recognising each patient as an individual; building therapeutic relationships including with family and friends; and involving a multidisciplinary team. This in turn provides differing perspectives on the issue. The World Health Organisation uses the word ‘responsiveness’ in regards to patient centred care and states â€Å"recognising responsiveness is an intrinsic goal of the health care system and reinforces that the health care systems are there to serve the people† (World Health Organisation, 2000). A recent qualitative study examined patient’s perspectives in relation to patient-centred care (Griffiths et al, 2012). It found that although patients were different and required diverse needs, they also shared many similarities such as requiring empathy, listening, communication and non-judgemental patient-centred care (Griffiths et al, 2012). There was also concern if current education can develop a nurs e’s preparedness in delivering quality care (Griffiths et al, 2012). One of the participants stated â€Å"you might be the best clinician in the world but if you can’t communicate and you can’t listen properly to people and you don’t take on board and understand what they’re saying you may as well go dig the street† (Griffiths et al, 2012). Furthermore another participant stated â€Å"†¦each individual should be [evaluated] and their needs be assessed and implemented on that particular individual†¦I just feel it’s a conveyor belt system. Get them in and get them out sort of thing† (Griffiths et al, 2012). In another qualitative review which explored nurse’s perspectives on patient-centred care, suggested time management was the largest barrier preventing them from communicating effectively with their patients (Chan et al, 2012). One nurse stated â€Å"sometimes, I have to deal with 20 patients in one single shift†¦ if one needs 10 minutes and there are 20 patients in total, how much time would we have to spend on this? Don’t we need to do other tasks?† (Chan et al, 2012). According to the Australian Commission on safety and quality in health care, (2011) effective patient-centred care is employed through training health professionals to communicate simple information suc h as pharmaceutical knowledge and provide educational material which increases a patient’s self-assurance and understanding. Additionally, initiating patient surveys is an effective tool in order to determine the most appropriate interventions (Australian Commission on safety and quality in health care, 2011). Current research has found that better patient satisfaction and patient-centred care, results in a decreased length of stay; reduces readmission; decreases rates of hospital acquired infections; and improves preventative services (Boulding et al, 2011); (Flach et al, 2004). It is therefore imperative that all graduate nurses have an understanding about patient-centred care and successfully implement appropriate interventions. Patient-centred care has encouraged me to re-think how I view and treat my patients. Current literature has highlighted the importance that patient-centred care plays in delivering quality and safe care as a graduate registered nurse. In respect to Appendix 1, the toolkit and strategies developed from the discussion forums have provided me with a clearer understanding in how to manage effective patient-centred care. The strategies developed are simple and easy to follow and include recognising each patient as an individual; and focus on communication to build a therapeutic relationship. I now understand the importance of having a structured support network within the workplace in order to maintain regular support and direction. In future practice as a graduate registered nurse I will endeavour to find an appropriate mentor which will provide insightful knowledge and realistic expectations. As stated in Appendix 2A I now recognise it is necessary to have an understanding about patient centred care in order to successfully manage a patient’s individual needs. Without knowledge within this area a nurse is unable to properly care for their patients. Hostility in the workforce was another topic which swayed my attention during the discussion forums (Appendix 2B). It was an issue which I had not considered to be a problem once becoming a registered nurse and working within a professional group. However, as the class discussed their own personal experiences in regards to being a student and coming across hostility, I too remembered that nurses are often intimidating and unapproachable during clinical placements. This issue is important as research has suggested graduate registered nur ses demonstrate vulnerability which can easily lead to bulling or hostility in the workforce (Hickson, 2013). Hostility in the workforce has been viewed as a rite of passage, suggesting new graduates need to experience the language, culture and rules of the workforce (Hickson, 2013). In a study conducted by McKenna et al, (2003) it found many new graduates experienced some form of hostility but due to fear they did not report the occurrence. The study also highlighted that new graduates felt resentment in the form of interpersonal conflicts; blocked learning; emotional neglect; feeling undervalued; lack of supervision; threat of rumours or lies being spread in response to speaking out (McKenna et al, 2003). In another recent study it found that 46% of the nurses identified hostility in the workforce as serious or somewhat serious (Stanley et al, 2007). It also discovered that 65% of the nurses had observed hostile behaviours by fellow co-workers (Stanley et al, 2007). Furthermore, Simon, (2008) revealed that 48% of nurses that were less than five years in a unit were the most frequently bullied. Additionally, 31% of new graduates reported they were bullied significantly generating intent to leave (Simon, 2008). In respect to Appendix 2B, this issue is vitally imp ortant to me as I have seen first-hand how hostility in the nursing environment can occur. I can appreciate that as new graduates we need guidance and support during such a vulnerable transition. I furthermore recognise how hostility and bullying can impact on a nurse’s performance, job satisfaction and patient safety. It is therefore imperative that I have an understanding about appropriate strategies for resolving these issues. According to the American Nurses Association, (2012) any form of abuse against nurses is a violation of inherent worth, dignity and human rights. Also that abusive behaviour by a nurse is viewed as violence against the nursing code of ethics (American Nurses Association, 2012). Growe, (2013) suggests hostility can also be described as bullying, lateral violence, horizontal violence and disruptive behaviour. Additionally, it is behaviour that is persistent and ongoing; unwanted comments or actions affecting a person’s dignity, and overt and covert actions which threaten the performance of a health care worker (Growe, 2013). A study conducted by Kelly and Ahern, (2009) reviewed the perspectives of new graduates in Australia. They discovered there were three key themes which prevented a successful socialisation process (Kelly & Aher n, 2009). They included language barriers, which required the nurses learn the culture of the language; ‘eating their young’ or power games and unpreparedness (Kelly & Ahern, 2009). One graduate nurse stated â€Å"I think that a lot of RN’s out there are on a power trip and think that the best way to teach students is by humiliating them and putting them down as much as possible and saying, surely you know that† (Kelly & Ahern, 2009). Another graduate stated â€Å"The sharpness of some of the staff, the way some of them speak to you has become an increasing burden† (Kelly & Ahern, 2009). In another recent qualitative study, it reviewed registered nurses’ perspectives in regards to graduate nurses (Baumberger-Henry, 2012). It found two themes which involved lacking confidence and fitting in with the units culture (Baumberger-Henry, 2012). One nurse stated â€Å"†¦not knowing what to do and having to request assistance is perceived as a weakness tha t contrasts the need to feel independent†¦keeps the advanced beginner from asking questions, creating a catch 22 situation†¦other nurses view new graduates as weak and burdensome† (Baumberger-Henry, 2012). Another participant stated â€Å"some nurses turn their backs when new graduates ask a question†¦sometimes new graduates don’t make it just because of other personalities†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Baumberger-Henry, 2012). It is clear from the evidence that hostility in the workforce is a widespread issue. Furthermore, it can be seen that graduate registered nurses are the ones most at risk and burdened with this problem. It is therefore necessary that all nurses have an appropriate understanding about how to deal with these situations effectively in order to create job satisfaction. According to Vessey et al, (2012), workplace hostility can be decreased by involving the whole nursing team, providing information on what is good and bad practice, and making the staff more aware of the issue. Hostility in the workforce has made me apprehensive about starting out as a new graduate in the health care setting. However, from current literature I feel more confident in recognising signs of hostility or bullying, and feel capable in addressing the problem with either my mentor, or if applicable, senior staff. From the toolkit in Appendix 1, the strategies were developed for graduate nurses like myself. They suggested simple strategies which may help prevent other nurses from becoming annoyed and frustrated with new graduates. The strategies include using a communication tool such as ‘SBAR’ in order to appropriately address what needs to be done; not to take conflicts personally; know your own scope of practice in order to maintain safe and competent work; skill up to gain additional knowledge and experience; and know your professional boundaries. From the current literature and toolkit strategies I now have a deeper understanding about the impacts of workplace bullying and how it affects graduate nurse’s performance and job satisfaction. By having a clearer understanding a bout the issue I feel confident in being able to apply these strategies when challenged with a similar circumstance. This essay has reviewed the evidence-based practice for the management of patient centred care and hostility in the workforce. It was conducted in conjunction with the transitioning to registered nurse phase. By examining current literature and differing perspectives on these issues, a clearer understanding about their impacts and managements strategies have been developed. It is important that all nurses have an adequate understanding about patient centred care and hostility in the workforce given their impacts on quality patient management and safety. The toolkit in Appendix 1 has provided insightful strategies in order to help graduates deal with these situations once within the workforce. In regards to Appendix 2A and 2B, these topics have provided me with a deeper understanding about expectations as a graduate registered nurse. Additionally, they have allowed me to gain insight and preparedness in relation to entering the workforce. It is evident that having a clear understanding about both issues is vital in order to be successful within nursing in future industries. References American Nurses Association. (2012). Combating Disruptive Behaviours: Strategies to promote a healthy work environment. Retrieved 22/5/2013 from: http://nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol152010/No1Jan2010/Combating-Disruptive-Behaviors.html Australian Commission on safety and quality in health care. (2011). Patient centred care: improving quality and safety through partnerships with patients and concurmers. ACSOQHC, Sydney. Retrieved 24/5/2013 from: http://www.healthissuescentre.org.au/documents/items/2012/02/405982-upload-00001.pdf Baumberger-Henry, M. (2012). Registered nurses’ perspectives on the new graduate working in the emgerncy department or critical care unit. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 43(7), 299-305.doi:10.3928/00220124-20111115-02 Boulding, W., Glickman, S., Manary, M., Shulman, K., Staelin, R. (2011). Relationship between patient satisfaction with in patient care and hospital readmission with in 30 days. American Journal of Managed Care, 17(1), 41-48 Chan, E., Jones, A., Fung, S., & Wu, S. (2012). Nurses perception of time availability in patient communication in Hong Kong. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(7), 1168-1177. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03841.x Cronin, C. (2004). Patient Centred Care-An overview of Definitions and Concepts. Washington DC: National Health council Feng, R., & Tsai, Y. (2012). Socialisation of new graduate nurses to practising nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(13), 2064-2074. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03992.x Flach, S., McCoy, K., Vaughn, T., Ward, M., Boots-Miler, B., Doebeling, B. (2004). Does Patient centred care improve provision of preventative services? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19(10), 1019-1026 Glynn, P., & Silva, S. (2013). Meeting the needs of New Graduates in the Emergency Department: A qualitative study evaluating a new graduate internship program. Journal of Emergency Nursing, 39(2), 173-178. Doi:10.1016/j.jen. 2011.10.007 Griffiths, J., Speed, S., Horne, M., & Keeley, P. (2012). A caring professioinal attitude: What service users and carer seek in graduate nurses and the challenge for educators. Nurse Education Today, 32(2), 121-127. Doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2011.06.005 Growe, S. (2013). Bullying/Lateral Violence/ Horizontal Violence/ Distruptive Behavior in the workplace. Nevada Rnformation, 22(1), 6 Henderson S. Power imbalance between nurses and patients: a potential inhibitor of partnership in care. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2003,12(4), 501–8. Hickson, J. (2013). New Nurses’ perceptions of hositilty and job satisfaction: magnet versus non-magnet. The Journal of Nursing Administration, 43(5), doi:10.1097/NNA.0b013e31828eebc9 Kelly, J. & Ahern, K. (2009). Preparing nurses for practice: A phenomenological study of the new graduate in Australia. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(6), 910-918. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02308.x Kvale, K., & Bondevik, M. (2008). What is important for patient centred care? A qualitative study about the perceptions of patients with cancer. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences, 22(4), 582-589. Doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00579.x McKenna, B., Smith, N., Poole, S., Coverdale, J. (2003). Horizontal violence:experiences of registered nurses in their first year of practic e. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 42(1), 90-96 Okougha, M. (2013). Promoting patient centred care through staff development. Nursing Standard, 27(34), 42-46 Orsini, C. (2005). A nurse transition program for orthopaedics: creating a new culture for nurturing graduate nurses. Orthopaedic Nursing/ National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses, 24(4), 240-246 Rush, K., Adamack, M., Gordon, J., Lilly, M., & Janke, R. (2013). Best practices of formal new graduate nurse transition programs: an integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50(3), 345-356. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.06.009 Simon, S. (2008). Workplace Bullying experienced by Massachusetts registered nurses and the relationship to intention to leave the organisation. Advance Nursing Science. 31(2), 48-59 Stanley, K., Martin, M., Michel, Y., Welton, J., Nemeth, L. (2007). Examing lateral violence in the nursing workfoce. Issues Mental Health Nursing. 28(11), 1247-1265 Vessey, J., Demarco, R., Gaffney, D., & Budin, W. (2009). Bullying of staff registered nurses in the workplace: a preliminary study for developing personal and organisation strategies for the transformation of hostile to a healthy eorkplace environments. Journal of Professional Nursing:Offical Journal Of The American Association Of Colleges Of Nursing, 25(5), 299-306. Doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2009.01.022 West, E., Barron, D., & Reeves, R. (2005). Overcoming the barriers to patient-centred care: time, tools and training. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 14(4), 435-443. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2004.01091.x World Health Organisation. (2000). The World Health Report 2000- Health System: Improving Performance. Geneva, World Health Organisation, 1-215 Appendix 1 Discussion Forum 1 – Learning and Teaching being a teacher and a learner in a health care environment 1. List strategies that can reassure a graduate registered nurse that a patient’s learning needs are met | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Build rapport.| This reduces fear and anxiety, allowing patients to ask more questions and be involved in their own treatment.| 2.| Get them to repeat what you say in their own words.| This reassures they have understood what you have explained.| 3.| Write important information down and/or provide educational material.| This allows patients to reflect on information in their own time.| 4.| Ask the patient what the need clarifying.| Some patient may withdraw from asking simple questions as nurses appear too busy. | 5.| | | 2. List strategies that will ensure that a graduate registered nurse can be a lifelong learner in a health care setting | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Communicate clearly| To improve interprofessional communication; increases trust and respect. | 2.| Recognise each patient as an individual with their own needs| To develop quality patient centered care.| 3.| Focus on patient centered communication to build therapeutic relationships| This help improve effective patient centered care and provides and safe and quality nursing.| 4.| Create a career vision| Provides a pathway in which goals can then be developed and attained.| 5.| Develop a professional portfolio| Provides a reference point to store and sort important information and documents.| Discussion Forum 2 Workforce issues and challenges 1. List strategies that will ensure that a graduate registered nurses are effective team members | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Participate in further education| Shows enthusiasm and provides further knowledge.| 2.| Seek critical feedback from senior staff| Outlines how one is perceived and thus they will have a deeper understanding about themselves.| 3.| Always use professional and polite language. | Encourages rapport and friendliness within the staff| 4.| | | 5.| | | 2. List strategies that a graduate registered nurse can use to reduce their theory practice gap. Give a GRN specific rationale to support each strategy | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Establish a bond with a mentor or preceptor.| As a GRN this will provide support and guidance in order to applicable use theory in practice.| 2.| Develop effective communication skills.| This establishes rapport with patients and other colleagues. | 3.| Write reflections.| Allows GRN to identify their strengths and weakness | 4.| Skill up where possible| This provide GRN with further knowledge and understand in a particular field| 5.| | | Discussion Forum 3 Workplace issues and challenges 1. List strategies that will empower a graduate registered nurse to work effectively in a hostile and aggressive environment | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Assertive communication| By using communication tools and assertive language, GRN can effectively explain what it is they need in a professional manner. | 2.| Scope of practice| It’s important to know one’s own scope of practice in order to provide safe and quality nursing care.| 3.| Professional Boundaries| Important in order to not cross any professional boundaries, impacting on employment status.| 4.| Know where to report in your health facility| Many healthcare setting have their own way of reporting workplace violence, so it’s important to know how to manage the situation. | 5.| Mediate – â€Å"in house†| this is generally the first step, talking to the NUM, in order to try to resolve the issue before it get too out of control| 2. List strategies that a graduate registered nurse can use to delegate tasks effectively | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Delegate to the right person| Important to know their competencies and qualifications, this can be achieved simply by asking.| 2.| Make sure timing is right| Be sure not to delegate to a person who appears very busy as this can cause conflicts and also poor management.| 3.| Use appropriate positive words| Provide the reason why you need the help and why you cannot complete it, in order for the other person to fully understand. | 4.| Never redo delegated tasks| As this will diminish authority and allow other nurses to ‘walk over’ you. | 5.| | | Discussion Forum 4 Ethical and Legal Issues and Challenges 1. List strategies that will empower a graduate registered nurse to transition effectively to their new roles and responsibilities | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Find a mentor.| Provides necessary leadership, support and guidance.| 2.| Develop good organisational skills.| This increase time management and maintains patient safety.| 3.| Never be afraid to ask questions| This increases knowledge and understanding and thus decreases adverse events.| 4.| Understand yourself and limitations.| Helps to identify what learning pathways may need to be further established.| 5.| | | 2. List strategies that a graduate registered nurse can use to advocate for best practice policies to be followed | Strategy | Rationale| 1.| Know when to partake in mandatory reporting| Important in order to provide safe nursing practice.| 2.| Know who to talk to if a problem arises in the workforce| Provides a support network. | 3.| Seek advice from regulatory councils| Provides further knowledge and guidance into a situation in regards to the law. | 4.| Collaborate as an interdisciplinary team| This provides safe and effective care to all patients. | 5.| | | Appendix 2A Reflection: Patient-Centred Care During the discussion forums in my tutorial class, patient-centred care was one of the topics which grasped my attention. The forum provided an insight into what is involved in patient-centred and examined some effective strategies. I found this topic interesting as the class shared their experiences and viewpoints on the issue. One participant shared that when recently working in aged care as an assistant nurse, patient care was often carried out in regards to time restraints and thus resulting in patients being rushed through their daily cares and/or being woken up very early to accommodate nursing staff. I found this very worrying as I don’t believe that the described experience is appropriate patient-centred care and therefore these aged care patients are not being effectively cared for. However, it also made me wonder where else in the clinical setting is patient-centred care being ill-managed? The discussion forum outlined that patient centred care is providing adequate cares, gathering appropriate information, respecting values, educating the patient, involving their family and friends and providing emotional support. Also, without knowledge within this area, a nurse is unable to successfully care and manage their patients. It is important to have an understanding about patient centred care in nursing as effectively that’s what nurses should be advocating. Patient centred-care is individual and requires building a therapeutic relationship to allow the patient be actively involved. Additionally, patient-centred care is vital role in providing safe and appropriate treatment to all patients. This forum topic has provided me with a deeper understanding about the importance patient centred care in order to be a

“God Sees the Truth, but Waits” by Leo Tolstoy Essay

Biography: Leo Tolstoy was born in Tula Province, Russia, on September 9, 1828. His mother died when he was only two years old. After Tolstoy’s father died in1837, he was cared by his relatives. He attended Kazan University for three years but he never could complete it because of joining to Russian army on active duty. However, being a soldier could not stop his desire to write literary plays and during his duty he published his first work childhood. After writing childhood, he continued on writing autobiographic plays and his life on the army; the works included boyhood, Sevastopol Tales book, youth and an uncompleted work entitled The Cossacks. In 1859, Tolstoy returned to Yasnaya Polyana and devoted himself to be management and study educational practices. In 1862, He married Sophia Andreevna Behrs who was 16 years younger than him. They had thirteen children which five of them died at early age. His wife helped him as a secretary to complete is works, especially on writing his first great novel, War and Peace. Their early life was full of happiness and they had no problem. However, their relationship became progressively worse as he was being radical to the extent of disowning his inherited and earned wealth. He was known for his complicated and paradoxical personality. In 1972, he wrote the short story of God Sees the Truth, But Waits which was about a merchant who was jailed innocently. In his life, he has written a lot of short stories which the well-known ones are The Candle, How Much Land Does a Man Need?, Little Girls Wiser than Men and The Coffee House of Surat. In 1973, he wrote the novel of Anna Karenina which was the best known one in his writings. Other most famous works were The Living Corpse and The Death of Ivan Ilyich. In his life, furthermore, he wrote various pieces on social, political, and economic topics ranging from vegetarianism to capital punishment but could not be published because of government. Tolstoy died on November 20, 1910 in Astapovo, Russia. Tittle: Throughout the tittle, Tolstoy wants to tell the readers the fact that reality can be hidden but one day it comes out. The tittle has a lot of interpretations considering real life and the events of the story. God  always sees the truth in whatever people do, but the meaning of â€Å"waits† is debatable and purposeful. First of all, in the tittle, the notion of the truth is isolated and not became known for some reasons. Sometimes, God examines those people who have good personality and looks gentle among people so that they prove their faith. On the other words, He takes them to a bad situation to purify their sins and reward them for their patient. And no one knows what is happening in the future; people may see something wrong, but in reality it will be good, and vice versa. So, if people commit illegal works and sins, they always do secretly and keep them silent. At this time, just God knows the truth and waits to see whether the man is going to regret or not, and do the right thing or not. Regarding the short story, there are two opposite characters, Aksionov and Makar; innocent and guilty. At the beginning of the story, readers know that Aksionov is not the doer of the murdering but he is sentenced to be in jail for 26 years. A part of the truth, God knows about everything but waits. For Aksionov, there are two truths which the first one is his meek personality. But the second one is the reality of his personality in every conditions. God does not make something to declare his innocence till He examines him by punishing and away from his beloved family, and to see what Aksionov will do, seek to revenge or forgive. By this bad condition, the true reality of Aksionov will be obvious to all, because if he revenges himself upon Marker and ruins his life as him, he has no difference with Makar. Plot: Once upon time, in the land of Vladimir, a young merchant named Ivan Dmitri Aksionov lived with his family. He was in his young life and very happy by experiencing luxurious things that was offered by the world. One day of summer, when he was about to go to Nizhny fair as he planned, his wife warned him not to go. She told him that she had a bad dream, she said â€Å"I dreamt you returned from the town with hair of grey.† Ivan laughed and showed himself as if he didn’t care and continued on going to the fair. In the half way of his traveling he met a merchant. He drunk tea with him at the night and shared a room in the inn. Aksionov did not use to sleep for long hours, so he decided to wake up and continued his journey. While he was in the way of his journey, he was stopped by two soldiers in a troika to  begin asking questions. Their questions were about the merchant that he met on the travel and spent time with him for he was found dead. As all evidences of the crim e were pointing guiltiness of Aksionov, he was imprisoned. When his wife heard this bad news, she remembered her dream. She was very worried to her husband and thought that her husband was guilty. Aksionov felt sadder when he realized this thought. 26 years in prison made Aksionov a well-grounded and God-fearing man. In spite the fact that his family has completely forgotten him, he still serves as a â€Å"Grandpa† to the other prisoners. Then came a new prisoner named Makar Semyonich. After a while, they knew each other, Aksionov discovered that Makar was killed the merchant. Although he realized everything but he uttered nothing about it. One night, while the prisoners were sleeping, Aksionov saw that Makar dug the earth. Makar told him not to tell anyone about what he has seen or else he would kill him. One day, a soldier noticed that a prisoner took some earth off his boots, when the soldier immediately started for searching any escaping plans and found the tunnel. At that time, they asked the prisoners who knew about the plan, but no one replied. Since Marker warned them if they declared anything, they would be killed. Finally, the governor asked Ivan for he was the most generous man there. But Ivan said it is not my job and I don’t care. At night, when Aksionov was on his bed and about to sleep, Makar went to him to thank him. He felt very sorry for he made Aksionov suffer for all this years. He did not want forgive till he sobbed to Aksionov, then said the Lord will forgive you. Makar said that he will confess to the governor so that Ivan would be free. In fact, since Aksionov had no family neither home, he did not want to go out of prison. Rather, he waited for his last hour to come. In spite of what they’ve talked about, Makar Semyonich confessed his guilt. But when the order for Ivan Dmitri Aksenov’s release came, he was already dead. Conflict: Sadness comes to Aksionov when he found out that the man he stayed with last night has been killed. The soldiers searched his bag and found a knife with blood. In fact, Aksionov is not the murder, but at the end of the story he sees Makar in the same jail that he has been prisoned who is the killer. In the short story, there are some conflicts: 1. Man vs Man : Aksionov with himself and Makar 2. Man vs Nature: Aksionov with his black fate 3. Man vs society: Aksionov (as an innocent man) with court decision. Characters: Protagonist: Aksionov: he was a young merchant lived in the town of Vladimir. He had two shops and a house of his own. Aksionov was a handsome, fair-haired, curly headed fellow, full of fun, and very fond of singing. In one of his journey, he accused by murdering a merchant and was sentenced to be jailed for 26 years. Although he was innocent, but he couldn’t anything with his fate. Finally he found the murder and forgave him for sake of God. Antagonist: Makar: He was a bad person who appeared at the end of the story. He was the real murder who killed the merchant and wanted to kill Aksionov but he couldn’t. He felt shame for what he did for Aksionov and begged him for forgiveness. Finally, Aksionov forgave him and Makar confess the secret to the governor. Themes: The short story takes place in Russia, Vladimir (Aksionov’s home and inn) and in Siberia where Aksionov was arrested. And the story was narrated in omniscient style that the narrator seems know all of the things that happen there. 1. Forgiveness vs Revenge and Bitterness Leo Tolstoy, the writer, wants to show the readers what is the real forgiveness and what wise people do when they face difficult situations. In the short story, Aksionov has to accept his fate which becoming a murder while even he did not kill the merchant. After 26 years the governor found out that he was not the murderer when Makar, who was the real murderer, came to the jail and confessed his fault and asked for forgiveness. Aksionov forgave him without having desire to revenge. This shows the fact that Aksionov was different from normal people; people often revenge upon their enemies whenever they can. Furthermore, he also did not announce the truth  as he promised to Makar. 2. Truth vs †Justice† Aksionov did not get justice that earned by himself. He was a good and innocent man, but court judged him as a murderer. In our daily life, we can see a lot of the same examples that people get something that they don’t deserve. Court and also people judge the event as they see their appearance not reality. It declares the fact that every judgments are true. 3. Injustice vs Forgiveness It is belonged to the religious idea that people should be kind in every situation. Aksionov was areligious man which followed that idea and finally forgave Makar. Aksionov may represent Tolstoy’s characteristic because Tolstoy was a religious man. 4. Innocence vs injustice The evident faults in the injustice system. The idea that God does what he does, such as withholding the truth, to allow us the opportunity to learn something vastly more important, such as the power of forgiveness the power of circumstance and persuasion over logical thoughts and deductions. Tone of the Short Story: The tone of the story is human’s depression and sorrow which is very tragic, and sympathetic. We can see the sympathetic depression of Aksionov When Makar asking Aksionov for forgiveness, he replied: â€Å"It is easy for you to talk,† said Aksionov, â€Å"but I have suffered for you these twenty-six years. Where could I go to now?†¦ My wife is dead, and my children have forgotten me. I have nowhere to go†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Personal value: The purpose of Tolstoy in giving Aksionov’s suffering is to show us a good example of real generous man. He wants to tell us that God knows everything but does not appear the reality purposefully. It does not mean that He hates His people, but examines them so that they realize their real personality. Look at Aksionov, after suffering for 26 years, he felt inner peace when he forgave his enemy. The short story tells the readers must to be faithful in Go, in every moments of life, because He will bring justice to every  situation. By reading the whole story, the readers learn the power of forgiveness and its impact on offering inner peace. Moreover, they will learnt to be freed from being angry and indignant with the world and having achieved ‘inner peace’. Tolstoy used a nice style in writing the story that interact the reader to read the whole story. The title is ambiguous that makes the reader to read the story so as to find the ambiguity. Throughout the short story, he pointed on some perspectives such as religion, society and politician. Through the characteristics of Aksionov, he viewed that people must believe in God and his power. And he pointed out that religious people should be gentle and calm in difficult situations. Furthermore, he showed us that some time you cannot use what you have in society. Aksionov was rich, he had two shops and a house, but at the end he couldn’t use them and even lived with his family. In addition, although he was innocent, but he and his wife couldn’t win the court because they did not have witness. Finally, the writer tells the reader that when people let someone down God will pick him up.

Can Failure Lead to Success

Failure is to success as practice is to perfection. One who perseveres to achieve a paragon of whatever it may be will one day accomplish that task. In the same sense, an average human being who makes mistakes, like the rest of us, must fail in order to reach the level of success that he or she is determined to. A transient feeling of doubt may come across after or during the breakdown, but learning to be optimistic in such situations will abet one to learn from the wrong-doing and make better of themself.Any obstacle to stand in someone’s way of acquiring success is simply just a nudge in a different direction. Failure gives you the opportunity to come back stronger and braver. You are given a chance to work even harder than you did in the past. Assiduity and confidence is the key to picking up from any debacle that may influence you to give up. Imagine interviewing for a job that seemed like the best out there for you, but you didn’t get it.However, another job comes up that pays more and fits more comfortably for your schedule. A frustration of decline suddenly becomes something gained. Everything will soon be put into its’ right place, which is something pivotal to remember when you are in a struggle. Now that you have undergone such a negative time period of failure, you have been given a learning experience. Your stream of thought has been influenced and enriched. It is easier to develop new and different ideas, being that you must erase previous concepts.Make a new approach, take a risk, or test out something new to see a change in what you have done. All you have room left for is improvement, so doubting yourself will lead you nowhere. Learn from the mistakes that you have made in order to never run into them again on your road to success. Think of your downfalls as different plans that didn’t work out, rather than complete failures with no advantage. There are always things to learn, ways to grow, and new opportunities waiti ng for you.Failure can very well lead to success, but it all depends on you. Don’t be pessimistic when you must make new attempts in different situations. Be the best you can be so that your efforts can shine through in your work. Desire to succeed is much greater at this point, meaning you can truly stay focused on your goals. Viewing failure as the end of your road is the biggest mistake of all. Simply consider it the beginning of something potentially better.

Analytical Report on the core reasons for the dilution of the Assignment

Analytical Report on the core reasons for the dilution of the Singaporean spirit in youths and for them being uncomfortable in t - Assignment Example The most recent estimates place foreigners claiming at least 40 percent of the Singaporean labor force and more than a quarter of the 5 million residents registered in Singapore. (Chong 2010, p. 145) This phenomenon is not entirely surprising and is actually demonstrated in the experiences of countries who have adopted the same strategy – that of actively attracting immigration and pursuing foreign workers. The resulting multiculturalism and plurality in their respective societies have generated problems especially for native citizens. The seemingly universal consequence of this phenomenon is explained by the following perceptions: It is believed that the influx of foreign immigrants would mean less political and economic opportunities for the native citizens; Immigration erodes traditions and a nation’s way of life; Language and other cultural artifacts are endangered; Immigration would lead to a lowered quality of life, low standards in education, and so forth. (Hirsc hman, Kasinitz and DeWind 1999, p. 394) Most of the concerns that have been outlined above are actually valid. For instance, the sheer number of foreign residents in Singapore can hold hostage the government with regards to some policy issues by simply refraining to work. An excellent example is when a group of 100 Bangladeshi migrant workers gathered outside Singapore’s labour ministry, protesting for the release of their severance salary. (Reuters 2009) The protesters were not arrested and no further reports were made as to what the government did especially given the fact that Singapore has strict laws against this kind of activities. Writing for Temasek Review, a Singaporean, Fang Zhi Yuan (2010), questioned this development, stating: â€Å"Singaporeans will be wondering why the foreign workers are not arrested for assembly in a public area which can potentially lead to social unrest and disorder while the government and media often kick up a ruckus over a couple of loca ls committing the same deed.† The political consequence of having a sizable number of constituents that come from elsewhere is indeed a threatening prospect for Singaporeans. This is also true in other areas such as the economic and cultural. The prevailing opinion is that these mass of foreign workers brought with them an equally sizable coterie of customs, beliefs, culture, point of view and so forth that could potentially clash with the native’s own. On the other hand, it is also important to underscore that some adverse reactions and perceptions towards immigration or the government’s policy to invite more foreign workers are misplaced. For instance, there is the myth about the damage to economic opportunities for Singaporean. As Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong, in his speech at the NTU Students Union Ministerial Forum last October 2010, foreign labor is crucial in the overall health of Singapore’s economy. Then, there are also the misconceptions about m ulticulturalism.

Information system project management Lab Report

Information system project management - Lab Report Example After a long time of learning and implementing various project management methodologies, controls together with measurements, the success level of IT projects has been deemed not to be any better than the old moments when one computer could take up a whole room. In order for IT to contribute to the bottom line of every company, the executive teams have to make sure that the project remains aligned to business strategy. In case of multiple projects constituting large scale programs, there would be need to embrace flexibility with greater focus on the larger business picture. In software projects, it is possible to witness scenes such as members failing to complete whatever is expected of them and other members failing to be flexible. This has the potential of making things to fall out of hand. Another scene would be a person valued for his or her expert input failing to see the wider perspective, thereby missing out steps and tasks that other people would expect or a team member becoming frustrated because he disagrees with the approach that another team member uses. Dr Meredith Belbin studied team-work for several years and he made the observation that individuals inside teams have the tendency to assume varied roles. His definition of team roles is "He defined a team role as "a tendency to behave, contribute and interrelate with others in a particular way" and named nine of such team roles that determine the success level of a team. Teams risk becoming unbalanced in the event that all team members bear a lot of similarity in behavior. In case the team members have same weaknesses, the entire team might end up being weak. Supposing the team members have a similar level of strength, the spirit of competition is likely to arise and this will suppress cooperation in execution of the team-assigned tasks and responsibilities. Bearing this in mind, you could use the model with your team so as to help in making sure that the important team

Issues in Womens Health Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Issues in Womens Health - Assignment Example The most frequent of all the indications of heart attack in women is some pain or discomfort in the chest. Nevertheless, there are added symptoms that are more conspicuous than the chest pains. These other symptoms are more severe than the pressure or pain in the chest that women often cite. Studies have revealed that these chest pressures might be due to the presence of blockages in arteries and veins that supply blood to the heart in woman’s heart (Libov 1991). The other symptoms are right arm pain, unusual fatigue, shortness of breath as well as neck and upper back discomfort. The most challenging issue with this symptom in women is that they may occur when least expected like while sleeping or resting. These symptoms, on the other hand, might be triggered by mental stress. Since sometimes they occur randomly, women downplay them until there problem gets severe.  The most familiar risk reasons for women include diabetes and smoking, both which increase the chances of hear t disease significantly in women. Low levels of estrogen in the body after the onset of menopause have also been identified to pose a significant risk for the development of micro vascular disease in smaller blood vessels. Pregnancy is also among the risk factors as difficulties such as diabetes or high blood pressure might trigger the development of heart diseases in the mother and her children. Mental stress despite affecting both men and women, it has been found to affect the hearts of women more significantly than men.

Library Database Exercise #4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Library Database Exercise #4 - Essay Example By using database a person is able to obtain information not freely available on the internet. Secondly, the information obtained via a general search may not authoritative and credible, online websites are sometimes by people who are novice on the subject. Finding credible information is critical in doing research and by using library databases one can always get accurate and reliable information. The information obtained from the library database is from reliable sources such as: academic journals, popular magazines, newspapers, trade journals and scholarly reviewed articles. The information is written by credible authors such as: journalists, researchers, and experts in the particular subject. Thirdly, search engines give millions of results making it hard for people to scan the results and find the exact information needed. However, by using databases one can access thousands of articles and books, charts and images and databases that are focused on the particular topic. Library databases have powerful search tools that enable a person to have more control over the search results. The tools suggest additional keywords for users to use and narrow down the results. Conclusions are that databases have the following advantages: They provide credible information, a person spends less time searching, have powerful search tools, and better

To what extent can russian agriculture companies develop and compete Essay

To what extent can russian agriculture companies develop and compete - Essay Example asing flows of labor.†2 However, it should be noted that globalization is not solely economic in nature but that it also includes cultural, technological, educational and other similar forms of exchanges among nations. Being such, it can be claimed that globalization plays a very integral role in the creation and understanding of the economic impetuses and policies of each and every country in the world today. And it is in this sense that Russia today is no different. It too since the reform period of 1990 to the present is trying to integrate in its economic policies and strategies the demands made by globalization. And this effort is congruent with the sentiment of experts in the fields of economics, business and politics who hold the idea that a global â€Å"exposure may help make the Soviet economy more efficient†3 In recognition of the vast potentiality of Russia in the global market, the researcher deems to look specifically into Russian agricultural sector focusing on AGRICO’s role in the further development of Russian agricultural sector both in local market and in the global sector. And this is done with the hope that despite the humongous problems within the sector which is rooted historically, Russian agriculture together with AGRICO manifest fundamental role of agriculture in Russian economy in particular and in the global economy in general. As stated earlier, this research will primarily focus on Russian agricultural sector with AGRICO as its focal point. In order to be able to clarify the pivotal role of AGRICO in understanding Russia’s effort in achieving global competitiveness in the agricultural sector of the global market, there are four questions which will be addressed. These are: Being such, this research will not touch on the entire Russian economy and politics but will zero-in only its agricultural sector, the researcher does not deny the interconnectedness of all the industries within the economy but for the purpose of

Miscarriages of Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Miscarriages of Justice - Essay Example This happens because of inefficient procedures . Second, the laws that are applied to them. Third, for there is no information that justifies the applied treatment or punishment. Fourth, if suspects, defendants or convicts are handled unfavorably by the state to an unequal extent compared with the necessity to protect the rights of others; or, fifth, if the rights of other persons are not effectively or equally protected or defended by State action against law violators or, sixth, by State law itself(Greer, 1986). For, the six groups above revolve around themes of breach of rights of suspects and defendants, the disproportionate treatment of suspects/defendants or the non-vindication of the rights of victims, might be termed direct miscarriages. In addition, it may be possible to derive from their infliction a seventh, indirect miscarriage which affects the community as a whole. A belief coming out of deceit or illegalities will corrode the state's claims to legitimacy. For, this is founded on the community criminal justice system's values which includes as respect for individual rights. In this way, as well as the unwanted faith of the individual, the "moral integrity of the criminal process" suffers harm(McConville, 1994). Also, there could be a common detriment by way of diminished confidence in the vanguards of law and order leading to lesser active citizens aiding the police and a decrease in the number of jurors willing to convict even the glaringly "guilty".Definitely, it has been deba ted that this indirect form of miscarriage can exist independently as well as contingently in two respects. One is that a breach of "the principle of judicial legitimacy" should be of concern even if there is an accurate and fair determination of guilt or innocence. Secondly, it still produces great moral harm even if, so far as the individual is concerned, there is an error but no real harm is inflicted (say, when a person imprisoned for life is wrongfully convicted soon afterwards of a minor motoring offence). It is therefore argued that the State itself should avoid actions or processes which might damage the integrity of the system. Consistent with this concern, lawyers, whether acting for prosecution or defence, are reminded that they are not the ciphers of their clients but owe duties of integrity to the criminal justice system(Poole, 1998). Critical examination why gender related crime is important to understanding relevant policies of the criminal justice policyIn the article stated that the gender equality duty and the criminal justice system April 2007: The Gender Equality Duty comes in to force, the gender equality duty has been the biggest radical metamorphosis to sex to sex discrimination law for the past thirty years. It is also similar to the introduction in 2001 of a similar public sector race equality duty after the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry and the introduction of a disability equality duty in December 2006. Furthermore, Fawcett publications of the Fawcett Society had published two reports to support the implementation of the Gender Equality Duty in the criminal justice system: The responsibility to understanding the "understand your duty" section details how the law should affect the criminal just

Fate vs. Free

Fate vs. Free Will Essay What we do, where we walk, how we act and what decisions we take; are they guided by our free will or by the hand of fate? Even if we do have free will; are we one hundred percent, truly free or is free will just training wheels carrying us along different paths to our predestined location? If so, we are inherently limited from birth in the aspects of our intelligence, success, and true freedom depending on how binding the shackles of fate truly are. We cant control circumstances of our birth or generally life-altering things that are out of our control such as a random lightning strike or traffic accident, but perhaps we can control the broader course of our life through our actions. One who trains their body diligently and with supreme effort may become a famous MMA fighter with a body that the ancient Greeks would marvel at, but what if that persons profession and training were stamped into him at birth? At conception? At the beginning of time itself? Possible, but what if he just made a decision one day and earned it? There simply is no way to know, short of speaking with the divinity that has assigned us all our fates if such a being exists. Say we are all prisoners in an inescapable prison of destiny. Perhaps some of us are given the opportunity to control our fates. Perhaps some of us are afforded a choice between the blue pill or the red pill; the choice to be a living puppet or to break into our own universal order and control our own lives. We will never know. The one thing we may know however, is that we may be given this choice one day, and this rift in the balance of the universe will afford us enough free will in the situation simply to make the decision between the blue pill and the red pill. We can know in our hearts what our decisions will be when we are handed our destinies and told to take control and become the master of our own destinies or release them back into the cosmic wind, and become a simple puppet once more. I can speak for no one but myself, but I know my answer in my heart. The thought of my life being anything but my own up until this point sickens me. I will not be a puppet, I will not be led forcefully through my destiny by the imperceptible shackles of fate. I will take control of my destiny, steer my own ship; I will be the master of my own destiny if the expense is my life; because I know the life I led will have truly been mine.

Principle Of Operation Of Switched Reluctance Motor Engineering Essay

Principle Of Operation Of Switched Reluctance Motor Engineering Essay 1. INTRODUCTION: From those days the variable reluctance motors had played a vital role in electrical field. These motors are very attractive because they have replaced conventional ac and dc drives in many industrial applications all over the world. Apart from the working they have many advantages such as simple and low cost construction. Since the variable reluctance motor has a high torque with the inertia ratio normal when compared with other motors. Eventually the single head salient synchronous reluctance motors have some advantages which are similar to variable reluctance motor. The cost and performance of the machine is highly dependent on the converter topology. The converter for the machine drive should be very fast accurate current control for better drive performance. In addition to these requirements the machine should produce low volt ampere rating for low cost, should be more reliable and robust with small number of switches producing high efficiency at last. In addition to this all of these converters have greater switching loss and stress because the converters are all operated with hard switching. Now a days soft switching is also implemented for these types of machines. The above mentioned goals can be achieved either by improving the machine design or innovation in the inverter configuration. I hope that my designing deals with the application of a particular type of inverter for the variable reluctance motor drive. 2. VARIABLE RELUCTANCE MOTOR DRIVES: 2.1 CONSTRUCTION: The basic construction of switched reluctance motor is shown in the figure. The construction includes both stator and rotor. It has six pole rotor and eight pole stator in it. The conventional variable reluctance motor that is nothing but the switched reluctance machine has a doubly salient laminated structure which is very simple and robust. The rotor does not contained any windings or conductors within it. 2.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR: To start with the switched reluctance motor, the torque production in the machine is explained with the help of principle of electromechanical energy produced in the coil of the machine. As the rotor rotates, the inductance of the phase windings of a machine varies between the inductance values with respect to the rotor angle. Due to the highly nonlinear magnetic behaviour of the variable reluctance motor, the phase inductance is dependent on the current level as well as with the rotor position. There is also a speed dependent back emf that becomes very large below and above the base speed and dominates the behaviour of the drive. Although the machine has a simple structure, the behaviour of its electromagnetic is obviously convivial. The electrical input energy is given by expression which is displayed as follows; However, the linear inductance of switched reluctance motor model along with back emf. And also the back emf is proportional to the machine speed which is very helpful in exploring the behaviour of this type of drive .The diagram of solenoid coil and the characteristics of the machine is shown as below; For low-speed operating mode, the back emf can be ignored in such a way that these can be compared with the dc bus voltage, and the machine can be assumed as current fed driving machine. Current fed operation is obtained by means of a current regulated pulse width modulation technique. With a proper controller and converter, the phase current should be designed to be close to a square waveform in order to minimize torque pulsations. The back emf increases for the medium speed range machine . To compensate the loss, phase is excited already in designing of the waveform .The machine runs at speed below and above the base speed. Here the back emf is compared and also the emf is even larger than the supply voltage than that of the phase current. Thus the phase current becomes impossible without very large advanced techniques. The phase winding should now be excited before , whereas its inductance value is small in order to develop the sufficient current for a challenging torque. During this mode of operation the phase winding is fed with the voltage and hence the technique is called pulse dropping mode. Even at any suitable power electronic converter or the controller, this type of drive system must maintain the capability of the design for the current pulses to maintain the values of variable reluctance motor accurately. The above mentioned waveforms are executed by simulation method with the help of the mat lab software. The mat lab code for the above mentioned waveform is as follows; 3.MATLAB SIMULATION: 3.1 CODING 1: w=1; k=zeros; d=0; z=zeros; i=0; t=0; e=0.000001; % is the increment of time while (t if t while i z(w)=t; % to store the time values k(w)=i; % to store the current values d=(1/0.1)*(100-(10*i))*e; % is the increment of current i=i+d; % to increase the current t=t+e; % to increase the time w=w+1; % to increase the index of the current and time arrays end while i>=6.5 while i>=6 % to limit the current to a minimum of 6 z(w)=t; k(w)=i; d=(1/0.1)*(-(10*i))*e; i=i+d; t=t+e; w=w+1 ; end end end if t>0.03 z(w)=t; k(w)=i; d=(1/0.1)*(-100-(10*i))*e; i=i+d; t=t+e; w=w+1 ; end if t>=0.0353 break end end plot(z,k,r-,LineWidth,2,Color,black) OBTAINED WAVEFORM: 3.2 CODING 2: v=[]; % an array to store the value of voltages p=[]; % an array to store the value of time c=[]; % an array to store the value of the currents R=1; % resistance value L=0.001; % inductane value fs=1000000; % sampling frequency f1=1000; % switching frequency of the 1st switch f2=142.857; % switching frequency of the 2nd switch d=0.5; % duty cycle t_on=d*(1/f1); % t ON for the 1st switch di=0; n=0; x=0; i=0; t=0; t2=(1/f2); while t while (t n=n+1; v(n)=50; di=(1/L)*(v(n)-(R*i))*(1/fs); i=i+di; c(n)=i; p(n)=t; t=t+(1/fs); end x=x+(1/f1); if (t while t n=n+1; v(n)=0; di=(1/L)*(v(n)-(R*i))*(1/fs); i=i+di; c(n)=i; p(n)=t; t=t+(1/fs); end end end while t>=(0.5*t2) % the second half cycle of the second switch n=n+1; v(n)=-50; di=(1/L)*(v(n)-(R*i))*(1/fs); i=i+di; c(n)=i; p(n)=t; t=t+(1/fs); if c(n) break end end plot(p,v), axis ([0 0.005 -50 55]) hold on; plot(p,c) hold off; Xlabel (Time) Ylabel (Current / Voltage) OBTAINED WAVEFORM: 4.CLASSIFICATION OF SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR: 5.MODELING AND CONTROL STRATEGIES OF A VARIABLE RELUCTANCE MOTOR: The above block diagram represents the modelling of the variable reluctance motor with their control strategy. The above circuit contains the following blocks such as feed forward compensator, flux or current controller and the driver block. The block also contains the observer. The feedback from the motor or drive is connected to the observer as well as to the feedback compensator. The machine is designed in such a way that it is based on both synchronous and asynchronous type and in this machine the torque control problem can be solved by transforming it into an equivalent current control one. The simple solution is probable because the torque is proportional to the current or to a specific component of the current vector in a proper orientation system. Moreover by considering the wide availability of high-quality and low-cost current transducers the solution obtained is also more convenient from an economical point of view. For the variable reluctance motors the torque versus current function is nonlinear and therefore preventing the simple solution which adopt these drives for standard motors. To prevail over the problem a cascade controller structure which is same as the one proposed earlier has been selected. It consists of an external static feed forward nonlinear compensator which is followed by a nonlinear flux or the current which is selected depending on design choices with the closed-loop controller. In the case of feed forward compensator transforms the torque set point which is corresponding to the flux or current is normal in these cases. The internal closed-loop controller is based on exact or directly measured feedback, depending on the controlled variable selected. Hence the optimization techniques are used for the design of a feed forward pre compensator. The closed-loop controller operates in a stator reference frame thus by avoiding the use of match up transformations. This designing presents the inverter for the motor modelling and control optimization activities. Importance is placed on the optimization techniques used in the design of the feed forward compensator. Finally the work related to the design of the closed loop flux or the current controller is currently in growth. The main report here is that the order to validate the design of the feed forward compensator. Previous to entering into details about the feed forward compensator design, some general considerations are value making in this kind of this design. Direct calculation of a current set point is not suitable because the torque reliance on current must also think about magnetic nonlinearities. Even though the simpler relationship exists between torque and flux the feed forward compensator is designed under the assumption of an internal flux closed-loop controller. But the current is certain in such a way that the flux set point can be directly transformed into a current by means of the model output obtained. It must be pointed out how the planned replica structure would be greatly simplify the design of the torque controller. A critical point is the alteration of the scalar torque demand into a corresponding three-phase flux vector. It can be noted that fluxes qualified to different phases can be bewildered independently by means of the associated control inputs. The control problem thus has as many degrees of freedom as the figure of phases. These degrees of freedom can be used for different purposes such as the four phase motor and the two adjacent phases. These are selected according to the real rotor position and torque signal that are used to impose torque dynamics and ripple-free operation. The remaining two phases are controlled in order to keep their current at zero. For a certain phase motor, the required dynamics is obligatory on motor acceleration by controlling a single phase and thus by selecting as a function of position and torque sign. The left over controls must keep the remaining phase currents at zero or collect them to zero as fast as possible. Both approaches have the similar kind of problems mainly related to the need for a fast switch-on and switch-off of phase currents that impose a voltage waveform that is strongly impulsive. While the voltage is limited in a real power inverter there is an increase in the enduring torque ripple occurs in the machine. Furthermore the solution proposed in during the good dynamic specification of the error between the actual and the desired acceleration does not control the torque ripple explicitly. The approach which is going to be considered in this attempt many degrees of freedom as possible in order to get the best performance from the motor. Thus the modelling would be done in such a way that it gives high efficiency with the low cost production. 6.OVERVIEW OF A VARIABLE RELUCTANCE MOTOR TOPOLOGY: The performance and cost of the variable reluctance motor drive is highly dependent on the topology used to drive the machine. Since the features of Variable reluctance motor drive have been realized the developments in the topologies have proceeded in parallel with the machine design. From those days there have been many topologies invented and while the conventional inverter driven induction machine drive the variable reluctance motor drives havent been made standard . In addition to this the induction motor drives which almost always carry an pulse width modulation voltage link inverter .This method for variable reluctance motor drives seems to be much more application dependent. Ideally the variable reluctance motor drive should meet the following requirements: capability to program a commanded current pulse very quickly and accurately for good drive performance. Low noise and torque pulsation. as low a converter power VA rating as possible for a given drive rating for low cost. low switch/phase ratio. reliability and robustness. high efficiency. Only if all the above requirements are met then only variable reluctance motor drives can be comparable with the conventional inverter driven induction machine drive and other variable speed drives that are present in the market. These topologies discovered up to date and these materials have become popular and it is used in a many of the applications now a days. These configuration design include the asymmetric bridge converter with bifilar winding configuration which will split supply configuration from H-bridge configuration and also from the common switch configuration. The asymmetric bridge converter has an entire current pulse programming power in such a way that the converter is able of apply the full supply voltage across the winding in either directions for the purpose turning the current in each phase that is in on state as well as in off state. Even though the converter faces some difficult from high switch or phase ratio it is normally expensive because the two switches per phase and the associated drive circuit. The winding present in the machine that is the bifilar winding should meet the minimum switch requirement with one switch or the phase ratio. Thus the voltage waveforms resulting from non matching magnetic coupling will increase the switch voltage rating values to twice the value of the voltage and even higher. In addition to the losses such as copper loss which is associated with the auxiliary windings are generally high for many applications. Thus the supply converter topology also meets the minimum switch requirement. And also in this case the phase number must be even and the converter does not ready to tolerate the phase unbalance or the fault in any phase. This is because these fault results in the voltage increase in the capacitor banks. And also the dc bus voltage utilization is poor because only 1/2K is utilized. Thus the H-bridge topology meets the minimum switch requirement. Therefore this reason is suitable for four or multiples of four-phase machines, and it also utilizes only half of the dc supply voltage. In this topology two phases are always on at one time and only one of the two phases are contributing to motoring torque production at any instant time. Therefore, the degradation of the output torque is achieved easily. The common switch design in the machine only requires one more switch in addition to the minimum switch requirement. However this does not tolerate phase overlapping and therefore this leads to its capability and also this is very limited because for the particular reason for the single-pulse mode. Here in this method they have already used C-dump configuration design and this configuration design also requires only one additional switch to the one switch or the phase requirement. The converter utilizes a capacitor to dump the energy of a switch off going phase and a chopper operating with buck principle to discharge the capacitance value. The capacitor voltage is generally maintained at twice the supply voltage value in order to supply negative supply voltage to the off going phase. The converter also has full capability to develop the current pulse during both turn on and turn off condition and also produces high efficiency operation results at the end. The main disadvantages of this converter are the high switching device voltage ratings. The cost of the additional switch of the dump capacitor and inductor also matters finally with the losses associated of the reactive elements. To open new application fields to the variable reluctance motor drives it is clearly necessary to both improve the drive performance at the lower cost. These goals can be achieved either by improving the machine design or creating some innovations techniques in the Inverter which we are going to design. The general circuits for the converter topology are shown as follows; The force production for motoring and regeneration waveforms is shown in the upcoming figure. The forward direction of the motion of the translator is considered as the positive sign. The direction of the motion is considered as positive by assuming the certain phase sequence. While considering the forward direction of the motion they represent the forward motoring operations for their corresponding quadrants. Similarly when we are considering the reverse direction these regions represents the reverse regenerative operation for their quadrants. The duty cycle of each phase is only about 0.34 and their induced emf are constant between x1 and x2.The air gap power and the generating electromagnetic force can be made constant by exciting the stator phases with the wide range of pulse of currents. The one half of the air gap power is saved in the phase windings in the form of magnetic field energy. Then the mechanical power output is formed from the other half of the air gap power. There is the similarities between the reluctance motor and brushless DC motor in terms of current, a ir gap waveforms. Thus the dc machine controller can be used to control the switched reluctance motor for low cost and as well as for high volume applications. 7.ADVANTAGES OF A VARIABLE RELUCTANCE MOTOR: Simple and robust in construction. Low cost due to the absence of rotor windings and magnets due to the use of a small number of concentrated stator coils which is same as the field coils of a dc machine. Low rotor inertia and high torque. Motor phases operate almost independently to each other. The machine has greater economy and reliability. Machine does not need bi directional currents. Suitable for high speed operations. 8.CONCLUSION: Thus I hope that the back ground reading for my project has been done fully with the materials provided by our supervisor as well as with the materials we have collected. Future work is to design an inverter for a variable reluctance motor and build up the hardware kit for the operation. For the above mentioned reason I have gone through back ground reading completed related to the switched and variable reluctance motors. Thus my reason for taking over my project is for both modelling and building the hardware is to simplify the design of the high performance inverter for the machine with high efficiency. Even though different approaches had been overcome to design an inverter the process is carried out to design the material for both rotating and linear machines. Up to date the designing of the material in the laboratory had been performed by simulating using the Mat lab software and coding and waveforms obtained are displayed above in our report.

The Most Noble Order of the Garter :: Essays Papers

The Most Noble Order of the Garter History Of Orders: The secular orders of chivalry that came about in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries were fundamentally based on the idea of religious expression, social valor, and virtue. These institutions, â€Å"recycled some of the trappings of the original orders of chivalry, but with the aim to create a close knit and devoted circle of noblemen around the person of the sovereign† (Saintry). An order is an award or symbol of great authority and mark, â€Å"The most striking among them (Orders) were those founded by great princes and distinguished by their lavish ceremonial and their ornate dress regulations. The oldest of these princely orders seems to be the Order of the Band, founded by Alfonso XI of Castile in about 1348† (Keen). However, King Edward III, founded the Order of the Garter in 1348 setting a new standard for the future of these great orders. It is within these orders that the very essence or aura can be understood within the realm of chi valry. These orders were descendants from the age of feudalism. Even today the Order of the Garter is still practiced in Great Britain today. Every year at Windsor Castle the ceremony of the Garter takes place. This celebration is performed in the shadow of the famed St. George's tower where a procession takes the present 24 knights into St. George's Chapel (the shrine to the Garter). History of the Garter: The Order of the Garter, founded by King Edward III, is the premier Order of Great Britain. This order is comprised of twenty-six Knights who surrender themselves onto the mercy of their order. It is believed that the Order of the Garter is modeled after King Arthur's Knights of the Round Table and Edward does nothing to dispel that rumor! King Edward III is the epitome of the Order of the Garter and some even believed that Edward was King Arthur reincarnate. This fueled his idea for the Order, which embodied the idea of chivalry and everything that went with it, (i.e. largesse, honor, and nobility). It is rumored that at a celebration King Edward was dancing with the glamorous Countess of Salsbury when her garter slipped off. Immediately Edward picked it up, slipped it on his leg and said, â€Å"Honi soit qui mal y pense† or â€Å"Shame or dishonor on him who thinks evil on it.

Pollution in History Essay -- Essays Papers

Pollution in History Since the beginning of human existence, pollution has been a problem rapidly increasing with the growth of the world’s population. Throughout history, it has been a major source of diseases and plagues such as the bubonic plague. Many steps have been taken to help solve the pollution problem, a problem that still hasn’t been completely solved. One of the earliest forms of pollution was a result of defecation. Bacteria from the human feces would pollute water supplies causing illness for prehistoric man. Other forms of pollution evolved as man evolved from hunter to farmer. Poor drainage on irrigated farmlands would raise the water level, polluting the fields with salts leaving the land unusable. Salinity is still "one of the most significant and certainly the most widespread forms of groundwater pollution". 1 With the birth of each pig, waste removal in medieval Europe increased. Pigs would eat the garbage thrown in the streets by the citizens, and what the pigs didn’t eat, the rain would wash away. Of course, this left the town smelling horrendous and the waste washed into the local water supply by the rain, contaminating the drinking water. Unfortunately, the garbage littering the ground created an ideal home for rats, which aided in their population growth. Fleas carrying bacteria spread disease to rats. Famine had struck Europe at this time setting up the perfect conditions for the spread of the bubonic plague. The unchecked plague is estimated to have killed one third of Europe’s population in two and a half years.2 The industrial revolution spawned a large increase in the population of cities. People emigrated from their country farms because of the promise of jobs in the cities. Howe... ...almost certain that the world will ever be without pollution. All that can be done is to minimize the amount of pollution in the world and try to keep it from getting out of control. However, with massive consumerism and population growth, this definitely no easy task. Notes: 1 Markham, Adam; A Brief History of Pollution. New York: St. Martins Press. 1994. 2 Markham 6. 3 Jenner, Mark; "Underground, Overground." Journal of Urban History Nov. 1997. 4 Markham, 24. 5 Markham, 21. 6 Bryson, Chris; "The Donora Fluoride Fog." Earth Island Journal Fall 1998. 7 Jenner, 2. 8 Markham, 61 Works Cited - Bryson, Chris; "The Donora Fluoride Fog." Earth Island Journal Fall 1998. - Jenner, Mark; "Underground, Overground." Journal of Urban History Nov. 1997. - Markham, Adam; A Brief History of Pollution. New York: St. Martins Press. 1994. Pollution in History Essay -- Essays Papers Pollution in History Since the beginning of human existence, pollution has been a problem rapidly increasing with the growth of the world’s population. Throughout history, it has been a major source of diseases and plagues such as the bubonic plague. Many steps have been taken to help solve the pollution problem, a problem that still hasn’t been completely solved. One of the earliest forms of pollution was a result of defecation. Bacteria from the human feces would pollute water supplies causing illness for prehistoric man. Other forms of pollution evolved as man evolved from hunter to farmer. Poor drainage on irrigated farmlands would raise the water level, polluting the fields with salts leaving the land unusable. Salinity is still "one of the most significant and certainly the most widespread forms of groundwater pollution". 1 With the birth of each pig, waste removal in medieval Europe increased. Pigs would eat the garbage thrown in the streets by the citizens, and what the pigs didn’t eat, the rain would wash away. Of course, this left the town smelling horrendous and the waste washed into the local water supply by the rain, contaminating the drinking water. Unfortunately, the garbage littering the ground created an ideal home for rats, which aided in their population growth. Fleas carrying bacteria spread disease to rats. Famine had struck Europe at this time setting up the perfect conditions for the spread of the bubonic plague. The unchecked plague is estimated to have killed one third of Europe’s population in two and a half years.2 The industrial revolution spawned a large increase in the population of cities. People emigrated from their country farms because of the promise of jobs in the cities. Howe... ...almost certain that the world will ever be without pollution. All that can be done is to minimize the amount of pollution in the world and try to keep it from getting out of control. However, with massive consumerism and population growth, this definitely no easy task. Notes: 1 Markham, Adam; A Brief History of Pollution. New York: St. Martins Press. 1994. 2 Markham 6. 3 Jenner, Mark; "Underground, Overground." Journal of Urban History Nov. 1997. 4 Markham, 24. 5 Markham, 21. 6 Bryson, Chris; "The Donora Fluoride Fog." Earth Island Journal Fall 1998. 7 Jenner, 2. 8 Markham, 61 Works Cited - Bryson, Chris; "The Donora Fluoride Fog." Earth Island Journal Fall 1998. - Jenner, Mark; "Underground, Overground." Journal of Urban History Nov. 1997. - Markham, Adam; A Brief History of Pollution. New York: St. Martins Press. 1994.

Prevention of Child Abuse Through Education and Intervention :: Child Abuse Domestic Violence

Most questions have answers and sometimes explanations, but there have been many answers to the question of why people abuse children. The trauma of a child being abused can be described in various ways. Child abuse is the mistreatment or maltreatment of a child whether it is mental, physical, emotional, sexual, verbal, or psychological abuse. Child abuse is a traumatic experience. Child abuse is often synonymous with the term child maltreatment or the term of child abuse and neglect. It has been said that the trauma of being physical, mental, emotional, or sexual abuse as a child can effect an individual for the rest of his or her life. Such abuse can severely damage a victim's self-esteem. The effects of abuse are often pervasive in the mental, physical, and social nature. Suicide, violence, delinquency, drug and alcohol abuse, and other forms of criminality are also child abuse related. Those who believe child abuse is extremely prevalent push for more aggressive child protection system that would allow charges to be investigated and prosecuted more efficiently. The increasing involvement has encouraged many people to be concern with awareness and understanding. One of the major causes of a child being abused is, when he or she is in an unstable family. Unstable families, characterized by frequent changes of partnership, are replacing stable marriages. For a mother, this result is a greater stress and isolation from the child. Frequent family changes also result in frequent role changes for adults in the household, leading to more confusion and more stress for the entire family. In the two part families, mainly the stepfamilies, great deals of conflicts are presented. Of these parents, about 71 percent fought regularly about the children, 81 percent had a conflict over the use of alcohol in the home. Many of the females received very little poise and positive feedback from parents in the home. The abusing family lives in a manner that separates the bearing and raising of children from traditional marriage. This undermines the well being of children. For every one- hundred children born in the United States, twelve entered broken families, either by being born out of wedlock or through their parents' obtaining a divorce. In such circumstances children are most likely to suffer abuse and neglect, and new subcultures of abuse. Origins of religiously justified child abuse may seem hard to believe, but it occurs very frequently. Medical neglect dictated by religious beliefs is another route through which children become victims of religious ideology.

Typhoid Mary

Typhoid Mary Mary Mallon, now known as Typhoid Mary, seemed a healthy woman when a health inspector knocked on her door in 1907, yet she was the cause of several typhoid outbreaks. Since Mary was the first â€Å"healthy carrier† of typhoid fever in the United States, she did not understand how someone not sick could spread disease — so she tried to fight back. After a trial and then a short run from health officials, Typhoid Mary was recaptured and forced to live in relative seclusion upon North Brother Island off New York.You can get  typhoid fever  if you eat food or drink beverages that have been handled by a person who is shedding  typhoid fever bacteria  (Salmonella typhi),  or if sewage contaminated with typhoid  fever bacteria gets into the water you use for drinking or washing food. Therefore, typhoid fever is more common in areas of the world where hand washing is less frequent and where water is likely to be contaminated with sewage. Once  Salmon ella typhi  bacteria are ingested, they multiply and spread into the bloodstream. The body reacts with fever and other symptoms.Typhoid fever is most often caused by the  Salmonella typhi bacteria. Infection of  Salmonella typhi  leads to the development of typhoid fever. This disease is characterized by the sudden onset of a sustained and systemic fever, severe headache, nausea, and loss of appetite. Other symptoms include constipation or diarrhea, enlargement of the spleen, possible development of meningitis, and/or general depression. Untreated typhoid fever cases result in mortality rates ranging from 12-30% while treated cases allow for 99% survival. S. yphi  has a combination of characteristics that make it an effective pathogen. This species contains an endotoxin typical of Gram negative organisms, as well as the Vi antigen which is thought to increase virulence. It also produces and excretes a protein known as â€Å"invasin† that allows non-phagocytic cells to take up the bacterium, where it is able to live intracellularly. It is also able to inhibit the oxidative burst of leukocytes, making innate immune response ineffective. Mary carried the disease inside her and she passed on the Typhoid to other people but remained clear of the disease herself.When she died an autopsy found evidence of live typhoid bacteria in her gallbladder. They think that the bacteria was passed on to her by mother when she was pregnant with Mary, as her mother had Typhoid fever while pregnant. The general route for the Typhoid Bacillus's entry is through the intestines and into the Enteric portion of the Immune System. It actually grows inside the White Blood Cells. Evidently the bacteria somehow entered and grew in Mary's system without making her sick.It never elicited the usual immune reactions so it was never killed by the immune system. As such it was always present in her mouth and throat so she was essentially a walking Petrie Dish. Mary Mallon, known as â€Å"Typhoid Mary†, was an asymptomatic carrier of  typhoid fever. She worked as a cook for several families in New York City at the beginning of the twentieth century. Several cases of typhoid fever in members of those families were traced to her by the Health Department. It appeared that she â€Å"carried† the infectious agent without becoming sick.There was at the time no way of eradicating the disease, and an attempt was made to restrict her from continuing to work as a cook to avoid spreading it to others. In my opinion, Mary's treatment was appropriate because Mary had acted as a human carrier of the disease. When she prepared a meal, the germs were washed and  rubbed  from her fingers into the food. Even though Mallon remained a threat to public health because she still harbored the disease and because she refused to accept that she was a carrier, some people felt Mallon was being imprisoned unfairly.Her case was argued unsuccessfully before the state supreme court, which found that the Health Department had good cause to keep Mallon in custody, although the judge expressed sympathy for Mallon's situation. Following her second capture, Mallon spent the rest of her life at Riverside Hospital, more than half her life having been spent confined on the island. After a series of small strokes, she suffered a major stroke in 1932 that left her  paralyzed  and  bedridden  until November 11, 1938, when she died. Typhoid Mary Typhoid Mary Mary Mallon, now known as Typhoid Mary, seemed a healthy woman when a health inspector knocked on her door in 1907, yet she was the cause of several typhoid outbreaks. Since Mary was the first â€Å"healthy carrier† of typhoid fever in the United States, she did not understand how someone not sick could spread disease — so she tried to fight back. After a trial and then a short run from health officials, Typhoid Mary was recaptured and forced to live in relative seclusion upon North Brother Island off New York.You can get  typhoid fever  if you eat food or drink beverages that have been handled by a person who is shedding  typhoid fever bacteria  (Salmonella typhi),  or if sewage contaminated with typhoid  fever bacteria gets into the water you use for drinking or washing food. Therefore, typhoid fever is more common in areas of the world where hand washing is less frequent and where water is likely to be contaminated with sewage. Once  Salmon ella typhi  bacteria are ingested, they multiply and spread into the bloodstream. The body reacts with fever and other symptoms.Typhoid fever is most often caused by the  Salmonella typhi bacteria. Infection of  Salmonella typhi  leads to the development of typhoid fever. This disease is characterized by the sudden onset of a sustained and systemic fever, severe headache, nausea, and loss of appetite. Other symptoms include constipation or diarrhea, enlargement of the spleen, possible development of meningitis, and/or general depression. Untreated typhoid fever cases result in mortality rates ranging from 12-30% while treated cases allow for 99% survival. S. yphi  has a combination of characteristics that make it an effective pathogen. This species contains an endotoxin typical of Gram negative organisms, as well as the Vi antigen which is thought to increase virulence. It also produces and excretes a protein known as â€Å"invasin† that allows non-phagocytic cells to take up the bacterium, where it is able to live intracellularly. It is also able to inhibit the oxidative burst of leukocytes, making innate immune response ineffective. Mary carried the disease inside her and she passed on the Typhoid to other people but remained clear of the disease herself.When she died an autopsy found evidence of live typhoid bacteria in her gallbladder. They think that the bacteria was passed on to her by mother when she was pregnant with Mary, as her mother had Typhoid fever while pregnant. The general route for the Typhoid Bacillus's entry is through the intestines and into the Enteric portion of the Immune System. It actually grows inside the White Blood Cells. Evidently the bacteria somehow entered and grew in Mary's system without making her sick.It never elicited the usual immune reactions so it was never killed by the immune system. As such it was always present in her mouth and throat so she was essentially a walking Petrie Dish. Mary Mallon, known as â€Å"Typhoid Mary†, was an asymptomatic carrier of  typhoid fever. She worked as a cook for several families in New York City at the beginning of the twentieth century. Several cases of typhoid fever in members of those families were traced to her by the Health Department. It appeared that she â€Å"carried† the infectious agent without becoming sick.There was at the time no way of eradicating the disease, and an attempt was made to restrict her from continuing to work as a cook to avoid spreading it to others. In my opinion, Mary's treatment was appropriate because Mary had acted as a human carrier of the disease. When she prepared a meal, the germs were washed and  rubbed  from her fingers into the food. Even though Mallon remained a threat to public health because she still harbored the disease and because she refused to accept that she was a carrier, some people felt Mallon was being imprisoned unfairly.Her case was argued unsuccessfully before the state supreme court, which found that the Health Department had good cause to keep Mallon in custody, although the judge expressed sympathy for Mallon's situation. Following her second capture, Mallon spent the rest of her life at Riverside Hospital, more than half her life having been spent confined on the island. After a series of small strokes, she suffered a major stroke in 1932 that left her  paralyzed  and  bedridden  until November 11, 1938, when she died.

A case study

Dementia according to Stephen Tilley is a â€Å"progressive global impairment of cognitive function.† It means that dementia is a disorder in the mental domain and dementing illness has to do with abnormalities of ones behavior which manifested by an act of madness, craziness, or derangement.But dementia according to Mary Kaplan does not only refer to one particular disease alone. It includes variety of disorders â€Å"that can be triggered by several un related situations.† (p5) Kaplan noted that some of this â€Å"disorder maybe reversible if diagnosed early and treated.† (p5) Thus management and treatment of person suffering from dementing illness is very important for the patient’s possibility of recovery.Brian Draper clarified that the term dementia is a term â€Å"used medically to describe a syndrome that is caused by many different diseases.† (p1) It means that dementia has many other type including Alzheimer’s disease and other types of the disease though by definition the term was commonly identified as decline in memory and thinking due to brain disease.Kaplan noted that recent public and professional awareness that â€Å"dementia is the result of a disease and not a normal part of aging has led to an increase in research in to the causes of dementing illnesses, as well as development of specific diagnostic criteria and tests.† (p6)Dementia patients figured out by Nawab Qizilbash as commonly less educated adult. She says â€Å"dementia patients maybe older, less educated, and have more co- morbid medical condition and take more concomitant medication than the typical patient evaluated in clinical trial for dementia.† (p365)Qizilbash cited some studies indicating that most of the patients suffering dementia illness were in their seventies, eighties and nineties but did not give clear idea whether the disease is age related. Here is Qizilbash statement regarding these studies:â€Å"One is the cas e of the very elderly who will increasingly represent a larger portion of those with dementia, and for whom we really don’t know if there are important age related-differences in either the biology of their dementias or their response to therapies.Although those who are older than eighty years represent at least half of those with dementias in most population, the averaged patient in clinical dementia trials is in their seventies with few nonagenarians exposed to treatment.†(p366)

How useful are the following sources in arriving at an accurate understanding of Dartford high street in the mid nineteenth century?

There has been much development and change in Dartford after the eighteenth century. One of the many reasons for this is the growth of industry and the manufacture of the railway, this town has gone from being solely from being a market-town and coaching post to developing more towards industry. The High Street has changed a lot since the nineteenth century in terms of functions, shops, conditions, etc. There are many ways of finding out what it used to be like, including sources, the census, and the existing buildings. There are six main buildings in Dartford high street which I am studying. These buildings are generally quite simple to put a rough date to them. The rough date that we can confidently give these buildings is that they are from the Georgian era, with a couple also being from the Victorian era. Some of these buildings, such as the Bull's Head yard building have certain features about it which can help give details about the actual street and its functions, not just the building. The Bulls Head yard building has a pulley system attached to it, which could suggest a warehouse and cart way on the other hand this does not necessarily mean that the street had many carts going over it. Although, source C (the engraving of Dartford high street), suggests that carts were common in Dartford high street. Moreover, the Bull and Victoria Hotel gives some evidence to suggest that coaches were popular in Dartford as well. We can see this because the entrance is fairly wider than it would normally be for an ordinary building or hotel, therefore suggesting that this building could have been a coach house. So overall, although the buildings show individual purpose and use, they in themselves, do not necessarily show what the high street was like in the 1800s. The strengths of this source are that this report gives detailed information on the conditions of Dartford High Street concerning matters of hygiene and sanitation. It is an official enquiry by the General Board of Health and written by William Ranger; therefore, it must have some reliability. It was also written in the nineteenth century so Ranger would have known exactly what it was like. The report implies that Dartford is not a very prosperous town, saying things like ‘The general character of this place is such that humans ought not to be allowed to occupy it. This tells us that the area being described has very poor sanitary conditions. The report therefore contrasts with Dunkin's description of a wealthy, aesthetically-pleasing town. There are also weaknesses to the report. Firstly, it only focuses on Clark's alley rather than the High Street itself and therefore it does not directly tell us about the High Street. Furthermore, only the conditions are described, rather th an other aspects such as its function and people. Also, as the report was written for the Board of health, it describes the worst case scenario of the conditions of the High Street so that the Board of Health would know where to improve-due to the government Public Health Act of 1848, people were hired to report on the sanitary conditions of places. Dunkin's history of Dartford is a detailed description of Dartford. It was written in 1844. Due to the fact that it is a book, it could be said that there were bias motives for writing it, as there is an advertising side to it, not just an informative side. This is because the source comes across a bit like a brochure, which means that Dunkin could be promoting Dartford and its shops in particular since he himself owned one. So this could be seen as not very helpful in gaining an understanding of Dartford High Street. Although, Dunkin was a local man which means that he should know what he is talking about. Moreover, he was also a historian, which also means that he uses factual information, and has researched what he was writing. The reliability of the source could be questionable, as it doesn't actually tell us a lot of information about the function or look of the buildings themselves. The report to the general board of health was an official document which means that the likeliness of the report being bias is very low. This source contradicts Dunkin's view of the appearance and prosperity of the high street saying how it may be incorrect. It gives information on what life may have been like for the ordinary working people in Dartford. However, it is a limited discussion regarding the appearance of the high street itself. It refers more to the alleys and side streets than the high streets. Peter Boreham was a historian who relatively recently wrote an overview of Dartford for the book ‘Dartford Through Time'. The strengths of Boreham's account are that the fact that Boreham was a historian gives this source reliability due to the fact that his aim would have been to report the truth, as that was his job. He also has the advantage of hindsight and neutrality, as he was not there at the time. Boreham describes the function of the High Street in his account when he talks of â€Å"Dartford's role as a shopping centre†; this tells us that shopping was one of the High Street's major functions. This is supported by the evidence from the census which says that 30% of all of the jobs in the High Street were as shopkeepers. In fact, Boreham probably used the census in order to obtain this information. We can tell from Boreham's account that he has used other sources, including the census as mentioned previously, when writing this. For example, he says: â€Å"Housing conditions†¦ were atrocious. † This is probably based on Ranger's report to the Board of Health which states a similar thing. He also writes how the shop windows are â€Å"tightly packed with as many goods as possible† which could refer to when Dunkin writes about â€Å"handsome shops, well stocked with a choice assortment of goods tastefully displayed†; as well as referring to the photographs mentioned. The wide range of sources used adds reliability to the account, as it means that he has not just used a narrow perspective of the High Street but has considered many points of view. The book Boreham wrote was written for schoolchildren in 1990. Therefore, in order to provide the right information to the children, he would have had to have made it as accurate as possible. However, the weaknesses are that Boreham was not there at the time and therefore did not know for sure exactly what the High Street was like. In addition to this, the book was published by Dartford Borough Council and therefore they might have edited it in favour of Dartford. Also, Boreham's account was aimed at secondary school pupils so it might not include all of the information in order to make it more interesting or easier to understand. Furthermore, Boreham's source lacks detail and can only give us an approximate overview of the function of Dartford, rather than a detailed description. Although Boreham used some sources, there are some which he did not use. For example, the engraving was probably not used, as he does not describe the appearance of the High Street. Therefore, we do not know what other important information he has left out. Overall, Peter Boreham's source gives a reasonably reliable overview of Dartford High Street in the mid-nineteenth century, which uses a wide range of sources to help give us an idea of some of the functions and buildings of Dartford High Street at that time. The engraving of Dartford high street was done in 1860. It is a Detailed engraving which gives a clear and complete view of the high street itself, and also a large range of buildings. It gives great detail on the appearance of the buildings, showing all the architectural styles of the buildings, such as Tudor, Georgian, and early Victorian architectural styles are all visible. Although it gives great detail on the appearance of the buildings and the high street, it doesn't give a lot of detail towards the actual functions of the high street in the mid nineteenth century. However, it does show some basic information which can help us gain an understanding of what Dartford high street was like, such as in the engraving, we can clearly see carts and carriages in the street. This shows, as mentioned in previous sections, that carts and coaches were popular in the high street, which is backed up by the image of the Bull and Victoria Hotel. Also, some other functions are visible, these include: trade, shopping, and transport. From this engraving, we can also see evidence of prosperity in Dartford. This is made apparent by the obvious wide open ‘airy' streets', the fashion, street lighting, and it is obviously clean. We don't, however, know who drew this engraving, which means that it could actually be very unreliable, or it could be reliable. Overall, although it doesn't give detailed evidence of the high street, it does give sufficient evidence of the functions, appearance and prosperity of the high street to give us a rough understanding of what Dartford high street was like in the mid nineteenth century.